This paper aims to identify factors behind cyclical fluctuations and differences in adjustments to shocks in Greece, Italy, Portugal and Spain (GIPS) and a reference country – Germany. All GIPS countries were more vulnerable to productivity and foreign demand shocks than Germany. They would have experienced lower macroeconomic volatility if they reacted to their shocks like Germany.
The volume on demographic, economic, and social aspects of rapid population ageing in Poland. Includes policy-oriented chapters by Piotr Błędowski, Agnieszka Chłoń-Domińczak (PhD), Agnieszka Fihel, Aneta Kiełczewska, Irena E. Kotowska, Iga Magda, Magda Malec, Marek Okólski, Joanna Tyrowicz, and myself. Edited by Jan Rutkowski and me.
A chapter outlining the main stylised facts and institutional factors behind the rise in temporary employment and labour market segmentation in Poland. Included in the volume on employment regulation and non-standard employment forms edited by Martin Myant and Agnieszka Piasna. Open access pdf available.
Job polarization can pose serious problems for emerging economies that rely on worker reallocation from low-skilled to middle-skilled jobs to converge toward advanced economies. Evidence from Central and Eastern European (CEE) countries shows that structural change and education expansion can prevent polarization, as they enable a shift from manual to cognitive work and prevent the “hollowing out” of middle-skilled jobs. However, in CEE countries they have also led to a high routine cognitive content of jobs, which makes such jobs susceptible to automation and computerization in the future.
A chapter on long-term unemployment in Poland, in a Vox eBook on long-term unemployment after the Great Recession edited by Samuel Bentolila and Marcel Jansen. Open access pdf available.
We apply a multi-sector dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE) model to study two types of taxation: tax on material inputs used by industry, energy, construction, and transport sectors, and tax on output of these sectors. We allow for the endogenous adoption of resource-saving technologies. We calibrate the model for the EU27 area using an IO matrix. Input and output taxation create contrasting incentives and have opposite effects on resource efficiency. The material input tax induces investment in efficiency-improving technology which, in the long term, results in GDP and employment by 15%–20% higher than a comparable output tax. We also find that using revenues to reduce taxes on labour has stronger beneficial effects for the input tax.
