Date:
2025-03-28
Authors:
Piotr Lewandowski
Karol Madoń
Albert Park
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Workers’ exposure to AI across development
This paper develops a task-adjusted, country-specific measure of workers’ exposure to artificial intelligence (AI) across 103 countries, covering approximately 86% of global employment. Accounting for within-occupation task differences significantly amplifies the development gradient in AI exposure. We attribute these differences primarily to cross-country differences in ICT use intensity, followed by occupational composition, human capital and globalisation-related firm characteristics.
Date:
2025-03-13
Authors:
Piotr Lewandowski
Agata Górny
Mateusz Krząkała
Marta Palczyńska
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The Role of Job Task Degradation in Shaping Return Intentions: Evidence from Ukrainian War Refugees in Poland
Measuring worker-level job tasks of Ukrainian war refugees in Poland, we find substantial task degradation, namely performing more routine-intensive jobs in Poland after displacement than in Ukraine before the full-scale war. People who experience a greater task degradation were more likely to plan to return to Ukraine by 2023, particularly those who initially, in 2022, did not plan to return.
Date:
2024-12-30
Authors:
Jakub Sokołowski
Piotr Lewandowski
Jan Frankowski
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How to Avoid Another Yellow Vests movement? Evaluating Preferences for a Carbon Tax with a Discrete Choice Experiment
Using a a discrete choice experiment with 10,000 people in Poland, we examine public preferences for policies to achieve energy security and climate change mitigation goals in the context of the energy crisis caused by Russia’s invasion of Ukraine. We find a strong aversion to carbon tax, only slightly mitigated by redistribution. Income, trust, and age shape preferences for climate and energy policies, and for redistribution mechanisms.
Date:
2024-12-16
Authors:
Piotr Lewandowski
Wojciech Szymczak
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Automation, Trade Unions and Atypical Employment
We study the effect of the adoption of automation technologies – industrial robots, and software and databases – on the incidence of atypical employment in 13 EU countries between 2006 and 2018. Industrial robots significantly increase atypical employment share, mostly through involuntary part-time and involuntary fixed-term work. There's no effect of software and databases. Higher trade union density mitigates the robots’ impact on atypical employment, while employment protection legislation plays no role.
Date:
2024-12-07
Authors:
Piotr Lewandowski
Katarzyna Lipowska
Mateusz Smoter
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Mismatch in preferences for working from home – evidence from discrete choice experiments with workers and employers
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Accepted in ILR Review

We study workers’ and employers’ preferences for remote work, estimating the willingness to pay for it using discrete choice experiments with more than 10,000 workers and more than 1,500 employers in Poland. Both workers and employers prefer hybrid over fully-remote work. However, only 25-35% of employers – those with positive views on remote work productivity and high-quality talent management – value remote work costs in line with workers’ willingness to pay, particularly in non-routine cognitive occupations.
Date:
2023-12-19
Authors:
Zuzanna Kowalik
Piotr Lewandowski
Tomasz Geodecki
Maciej Grodzicki
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Automation In Shared Service Centres: Implications For Skills And Autonomy In A Global Organisation
We study implications of automation of routine cognitive work in shared service centres (SSCs) in Poland. Drawing on 31 in-depth interviews, we highlight the negotiated nature of automation processes shaped by interactions between headquarters, SSCs, and their workers. Workers actively participated in automation processes, eliminating the most mundane tasks. This resulted in upskilling, higher job satisfaction and empowerment. Yet, this depends upon the fact that automation is triggered by labour shortages limit the labour-intensive expansion of SSCs.